横向
1
Ordinary written language
5
Group of words with subject and verb
6
Emotional atmosphere of a text
7
Descriptive language appealing to senses
9
Imaginary stories
11
Problem or struggle in a story
13
Person, place, or thing
纵向
2
Word ending added to change meaning
3
Comparison using like or as
4
Repetition of consonant sounds
8
Japanese three-line poem
10
Literary work with rhythm
12
Use of humor to criticize