横向
1
Group of lines in a poem
3
Long heroic narrative poem
5
Repeating someone's exact words
7
Group of words with subject and verb
8
Word choice in writing
9
Text beneath an image
12
Problem or struggle in a story
纵向
2
Author's attitude in writing
4
Exact, not figurative meaning
6
Surrounding information that adds meaning
10
Emotional atmosphere of a text
11
Saying the opposite of what you mean