横向
1
Arrangement of words in a sentence
2
Story with a moral lesson
4
Ordinary written language
5
Saying the opposite of what you mean
6
Japanese three-line poem
7
Long heroic narrative poem
10
Problem or struggle in a story
11
Word choice in writing
纵向
1
Use of humor to criticize
2
Ability to speak or write smoothly
3
Exact, not figurative meaning
8
Repeating someone's exact words
9
Surrounding information that adds meaning