横向
1
Ordinary written language
4
Exact, not figurative meaning
5
Main idea being expressed
8
Comparison using like or as
9
Author's attitude in writing
纵向
2
First version of a written work
3
Repeating someone's exact words
6
Use of humor to criticize
7
Category of literary work
10
Story with a moral lesson
11
Ability to speak or write smoothly