横向
1
Turning point of a story
5
First version of a written work
6
Word ending added to change meaning
8
Word part added to the beginning
9
Repeating someone's exact words
10
Author's attitude in writing
12
Word choice in writing
纵向
2
Comparison using like or as
3
Surrounding information that adds meaning
4
Descriptive language appealing to senses
7
Japanese three-line poem
11
Direct comparison without like or as