横向
1
Problem or struggle in a story
3
Ordinary written language
6
Descriptive language appealing to senses
9
Surrounding information that adds meaning
10
Exact, not figurative meaning
纵向
2
Object representing an idea
4
Text beneath an image
5
Saying the opposite of what you mean
7
Direct comparison without like or as
8
Use of humor to criticize
11
Imaginary stories
12
Central message of a story